МОЛОДЁЖНЫЙ ПРОЕКТ ДЛЯ ТЕХ, КТО ДЕЛАЕТ ПЕРВЫЕ ШАГИ В НАУКЕ
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Боярский В.И. Stay-Behind — оставаться в тылу противника, или Партизанство. Страницы истории асимметричной войны
Боярский Вячеслав Иванович, доктор исторический наук, профессор, действительный член Академии военных наук и Международной академии информатизации
E-mail: bovich@inbox.ru
В 2013 г. в издательстве «Граница» вышла монография В.И. Боярского «Правильная «неправильная» война» — документальное повествование, в котором впервые идет речь о ключевой роли офицеров пограничных войск в организации и развертывании партизанского движения, деятельности республиканских партизанских штабов, руководстве партизанскими отрядами и соединениями в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Настоящая статья представляет соавторскую переработку фрагментов монографии. Боевой опыт прославленных партизанских командиров, бывших пограничников, представлен с акцентом на его актуальность в специальных действиях для обеспечения безопасности страны в современных условиях.
Ключевые слова: партизанская война, партизанство, пограничные войска, офицеры-пограничники, НКВД, Особый отдел, партизанские рейды, диверсии, диверсионные группы.
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51. Ganser D. "Terrorism in Western Europe: An Approach to NATO's Secret Stay-Behind Armies." Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 6 (2005.a): 69—95.
52. Ganser D. "The British Secret Service in Neutral Switzerland: An Unfinished Debate on NATO's Gunter M.M. "United States — Turkish Intelligence Liaison Since World War II." Journal of Intelligence History 3.1 (2003): 33—46.
53. Cold War Stay-Behind Armies." Intelligence and National Security 20.4 (2005.b): 553—580. Maguire T.M. "Partisan and Guerilla Warfare." RUSI Journal 47.301 (1903): 249—277.
54. Long A. "NATO Special Operations: Promise and Problem." Orbis 58.4 (2014): 540—551.
55. Nuti L. "The Italian ‘Stay-Behind’ Network — The Origins of Operation ‘Gladio’." The Journal of Strategic Studies 30.6 (2007): 955—980.
56. Riste O. "With an Eye to History: The Origins and Development of ‘Stay-Behind’ in Norway." The Journal of Strategic Studies 30.6 (2007): 997—1024.
57. Shepherd B. War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2009.
58. Simpson J.J.H. "Operations Outside Europe in the 1980s." RUSI Journal 113.652 (1968): 324—327.
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62. Ziemke E.F. The Soviet Partisan Movement in 1941. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air Research and Development Command, Human Resources Research Institute, 1954.
Цитирование по ГОСТ Р 7.0.11—2011:
Боярский, В. И. «Stay behind» — оставаться в тылу противника, или Партизанство. Страницы истории асимметричной войны [Электронный ресурс] / В.И. Боярский // Электронное научное издание Альманах Пространство и Время. — 2014. — Т. 7. — Вып. 1. — Стационарный сетевой адрес: 2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast7-1.2014.52
Stay-Behind — Stay in the Enemy Rear, or Partisan Struggle, Pages of History of Asymmetric Warfare
Vyacheslav I. Boyarsky, D.Phil. (History), Professor, Full Member of Academy of Military Sciences and International Informatization Academy
E-mail: bovich@inbox.ru
After the end of the WWII, NATO began setting up clandestine formations that went under the code name ‘Stay-Behind’ (stay behind the front lines of the advancing enemy) almost all over Western Europe: in Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Luxemburg and Germany. The organizational structure of these West European guerilla formations was in many ways similar to that of their Soviet prototypes. These formations had existed until 1990. However, even today some countries include guerilla type warfare into their defense doctrine complete with all the consequences such a consideration entails.
For that reason, although there are thousands of books and articles about the role of the Soviet partisan movement in the struggle against the Nazi invaders, it is appropriate to revisit the history of guerrilla warfare during World War II. Least-studied theme is the role of border guards’ officers in organization of partisan movement, in activities of republican guerrilla headquarters, as well as in leadership in guerrilla groups. This issue is the subject of my article, and for investigating this problem, I use the method of historical reconstruction using the data from state and departmental archives, as well as documents from my personal archive. In my article, I show during the WWII, organized guerrilla movement in the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR was in many respects the result of purposeful activities of the NKVD Special Department. In the same vein, the Soviet leaderships create NKVD Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade of Special Purpose, the Soviet military force that were included with of the NKVD Fourth (partisan) Department. This combat unit was actually raiding force.
My conclusions are:
(i) troops and state security agencies, internal affairs, military intelligence agencies played primary role in the organization of guerrilla warfare and creating of partisan forces until the creation of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. Due their nature, troops and security bodies were the only who was capable to integrate organized nature and professionalism with guerrilla activities and centralize border forces.
(ii) the most successful in the army command’s interests acted only those guerrilla forces, headed by a core or whom were members of the armed forces, officers of bodies and troops of the State Security and Internal Affairs, who worked ‘under the flag’ of the guerrillas. Effectiveness was higher where special guerrilla army units had the support of the local population. Credo of guerrilla struggle consisted in (a) close connection with the guerrilla army and the people, and (b) in the optimum combination of professionals and volunteers in the partisan formations.
Keywords: guerrilla warfare, partisan struggle, border troops, border guards’ officers, NKVD, Special Department, guerrilla raids, subversive action, raiding force.
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Cite MLA 7:
Boyarsky, V. I. "Stay-Behind — Stay in the Enemy Rear, or Partisan Struggle. Pages of History of Asymmetric Warfare." Elektronnoe nauchnoe izdanie Al'manakh Prostranstvo i Vremya [Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time] 7.1 (2014). Web. <2227-9490e-aprovr_e-ast7-1.2014.52>. (In Russian).
